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裂变产物衰变链设计时所需要的数据,常常会遇到这种情况:某个物理量有很多家测量数据,这些测量数据存在着严重的分歧。如果不经过评价,这些测量数据就无法使用。评价工作包括物理评价和数学处理两个过程,其主要流程是:(1) 物理评价,核数据评价最重要的基础是实验测量数据,在广泛收集有关实验数据的基础上,从物理角度出发,对测量进行筛选和权重评估,包括:半衰期、
$ {\beta } $ 和$ \gamma $ 射线的发射几率的测量和计算方法、能量和强度数据是否考虑结构数据、测量使用的仪器、研究组、完成时间等;对于同一组实验团队不同时期的测量数据,将采用其最新发表的结果。必要时可对实验数据特别是实验数据不确定度做出调整、修正或取舍从而达到统计意义上的一致。(2) 数学处理,确定了采用的实验数据后,对统计意义上一致的数据通过数学处理给出在统计意义上“最佳”的推荐值及推荐值不确定度,尽量不采用无不确定度的实验数据,但如遇到缺乏实验数据的特殊情况,则使用该类数据并予以说明。本工作采用的数学处理方法是常见的加权平均法。 -
在下面讨论中,
$ {x_i}(i = 1, \, 2,\, \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot ,\, n) $ 是对某个物理量X所测的互不相关的测量数据,$ {\sigma _i} $ 为其不确定度,相应权重$ {w_i} = \frac{1}{{\sigma _i^2}} $ ,n为总的测量次数。加权平均法以测量数据的不确定度作权,其加权平均值
$ {x_w} $ 为相应的不确定度取
${\sigma _{\rm inn}}$ 、${\sigma _{\rm ext}}$ 二者之较大值:根据核科学参考文献库NSR[1]和核结构数据库ENSDF [2],对半衰期、
${\beta ^{\rm{ - }}}$ n等实验测量数据进行了收集与整理(截止时间2021年月12月),若现有评价数据完成后没有新的实验数据,对存在缓发中子的先驱核,半衰期、$ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} $ n等取自最新评价数据[3-4],其它核的半衰期取自ENSDF库;若现有评价数据完成后有新的实验数据,则对所有实验数据进行物理分析后,采用加权平均法给出新的评价数据。 -
原子核的基态自旋是重要的原子核基础数据,它直接决定裂变产物衰变链上核素的衰变路径。目前远离稳定线的核素由于实验条件限制相当多的基态自旋数据并不确定或缺乏指定。图1给出了一个典型例子,从图1中可看出,102Y核的基态和同质异能态的自旋都缺乏指定,不同的自旋指定会给出不同的衰变路径,因此必须对数据不确定或缺乏指定的自旋进行重新评价。
采用系统学研究和理论研究相结合的评价方法。在整个裂变产物核区,区分已有准确自旋指定的原子核和自旋待定的候选核,考察同位素链和同中子素链中原子核基态自旋随中子和质子的变化,找出其一致性及随中子和质子的变化规律及导致这些现象的物理机制,提供自旋指定的系统性证据,为候选核基态自旋指定提供参考。利用成熟的壳模型和其他理论研究方法,对重要或者关键的原子核及附近同位素或同中异位素基态自旋进行研究,包括微观结构如组态等分析,与已有的实验结果比较,最终为基态自旋指定提供理论方面的物理依据。最终根据二者对裂变产物中不确定的基态进行自旋指定,对部分存在问题的数据进行必要修正。
表1给出了部分核基态自旋重新评价结果,本次基态自旋重新评价结果考虑了以下信息:(1) 直接测量(磁矩、电四极矩);(2) 衰变数据的自洽;(3) 低激发态结构数据的自洽;(4) 系统学及附近Nilsson轨道;(5) 理论计算。
核素 ENSDF数据库 本工作评价值 修正原因 83Ga 无 (5/2−) 系统学、CDFT模型计算 85As (3/2−) (5/2−) 系统学、CDFT模型计算 89Br (3/2−, 5/2−) (5/2−) 系统学 97-103Rb (3/2+) (3/2−) 系统学,nilsson轨道分析 105,107Tc (3/2−) (5/2+) 系统学 125Ag (9/2+) (7/2+) 系统学 147La (3/2+) (3/2−) 系统学 151La (1/2+) (3/2−) 系统学 161-167Eu (5/2+) (5/2+, 11/2−) 系统学 -
若衰变子核存在同质异能态,在设计衰变链时就需要知道母核退激至子核同质异能态和基态的分支比,可根据衰变纲图和内转换系数进行计算得到。
假定母核衰变到子核同质异能态的粒子的绝对强度为Bm,所有跃迁到该同质异能态的每条
$ \gamma $ 射线的相对强度Ij(j=1,$ 2, \, \cdots $ m),相对应的内转换系数为$\alpha_{\rm{j}} $ ,则跃迁到该同质异能态的总的绝对强度Pm=N×ΣIj(1+αj)+Bm,N为归一化因子;母核衰变到基态的粒子的绝对强度为Bg,所有跃迁到基态的每条$ \gamma $ 射线的相对强度Ii(i=1, 2$, \, \cdots $ n),相对应的内转换系数为$\alpha_i $ ,则跃迁到基态的总的绝对强度Pg=N×ΣIi(1+αi)+Bg;此时衰变至子核同质异能态的衰变分支比Rm为衰变至基态的衰变分支比Rg=100-Rm。对于实验测量数据不全或无测量数据的衰变,本工作取Rg=50,Rm=50。
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根据裂变产物的衰变路径和衰变信息等特点,研制了裂变产物衰变链设计专用衰变数据库,采用ENSDF数据格式,包含8种衰变类型的衰变数据,这些衰变类型有:
$ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} $ 负衰变、伴随$ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} $ 负衰变的缓发中子衰变$ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} $ n、$ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} $ 2n(由于目前实验上最多只观测到2个缓发中子,$ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} $ 3n及以上就没有涉及)、双$ {\beta } $ 负衰变2$ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} $ 、$ {\beta ^ + } $ /$ \varepsilon $ 轨道电子俘获、双$ {\beta } $ 正衰变2$ {\beta }^{+} $ /2$\varepsilon$ 、$\alpha $ 衰变、IT同核异能跃迁。数据库中的重要数据如半衰期、衰变分支比等,全部取自本工作更新评价、国际评价核结构和衰变数据库ENSDF [2]和NUBASE [5]数据库,其中,$ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} $ n、$ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} $ 2n等取自最新评价数据[3-4]。每个衰变链上除放射性核素外,还有稳定核素,为便于衰变链设计以及实际应用,将ENSDF数据格式的数据库转换成ENDF格式的数据库,并增加了稳定核素。在构建ENDF格式数据库时,主要考虑:(1) 核素ID,每个核素都对应一个核素识别,包括元素符号、质量数、原子序数以及中子数;(2) 核的状态,即基态g、第一同质异能态m以及第二同质异能态n(本工作最多考虑两个同质异能态);(3) 半衰期或稳定核素丰度;(4) 衰变方式;(5) 衰变分支比(包括退激至子核同质异能态的分支比)。这样在每个质量链上,就包括所有稳定核素、
$ {\beta }^{-} $ 衰变核素以及少量$ {\beta } $ +/$ \varepsilon $ 衰变核素,涵盖了裂变产物衰变链设计所需的全部数据信息。使用该库的数据,可完成A=66~172核区裂变产物衰变链设计。下面给出库中的数据内容。对于所有放射性核素的衰变数据,每个衰变母核的具体数据内容如下所示:
· 母核特性:El(能级),Jπ(自旋宇称),T1/2(半衰期),Q(总衰变能),α%,
$ \varepsilon $ %+$ { {\beta} ^+ } $ %,${ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} }$ %,${ {\beta ^{\rm{ - }}} } $ n%, IT% (衰变分支比);· 子核特性: El(能级),Jπ(自旋宇称),T1/2(半衰期);
·
$ {\beta } $ (或ε)衰变特性:$E_ {\beta } $ 、Eε(平均衰变能量),$ I_{\beta } $ ±、$ I_\varepsilon $ (衰变强度);·
$ \gamma $ 衰变特性:$ E_{\gamma} $ ($ \gamma $ 能量),$I_{ \gamma } $ ($ \gamma $ 强度),αk、αk/αL、$\cdots ($ 内转换系数);·
$ \alpha $ 衰变特性: Eα(能量),Iα(强度);· 其它伴随辐射:俄歇电子、内转换电子和X射线等辐射的能量及其强度;
· 归一化因子:NR(相对
$ \gamma $ 射线),NT($ \gamma $ +ce的总$ \gamma $ 跃迁),NB($ {\beta } $ 衰变),BR(分支比)。专用数据库中所有核素如表2所列。
所有核素列表 V - 66, Cr- 66, Mn- 66, Fe- 66, Co- 66, Ni- 66, Cu- 66, Zn- 66, Ga- 66, Ge- 66; V - 67, Cr- 67, Mn- 67, Fe- 67, Co- 67, Co- 67m, Ni- 67, Cu- 67, Zn- 67, Ga- 67, Ge- 67; Cr- 68, Mn- 68, Fe- 68, Co- 68, Co- 68m, Ni- 68, Cu- 68, Cu- 68m, Zn- 68, Ga- 68, Ge- 68; Cr- 69, Mn- 69, Fe- 69, Co- 69, Co- 69m, Ni- 69, Ni- 69m, Cu- 69, Zn- 69, Zn- 69m, Ga- 69, Ge- 69, As- 69; Cr- 70, Mn- 70, Fe- 70, Co- 70, Co- 70m, Ni- 70, Cu- 70, Cu- 70m, Cu- 70n, Zn- 70, Ga- 70, Ge- 70, As- 70, Se- 70; Mn- 71, Fe- 71, Co- 71, Ni- 71, Ni- 71m, Cu-71, Zn- 71, Zn-71m, Ga- 71, Ge- 71, Ge- 71m, As- 71; Mn- 72, Fe- 72, Co- 72, Co- 72m, Ni- 72, Cu- 72, Zn- 72, Ga- 72, Ga- 72m, Ge- 72, As- 72, Se- 72; Mn- 73, Fe- 73, Co- 73, Ni- 73, Cu- 73, Zn- 73, Zn- 73m, Ga- 73, Ga- 73m, Ge- 73, Ge- 73m, As- 73, Se- 73, Se- 73m; Fe- 74, Co- 74, Ni- 74, Cu- 74, Zn- 74, Ga- 74, Ga- 74m, Ge- 74, As- 74, Se- 74, Br- 74, Br- 74m, Kr- 74; Fe- 75, Co- 75, Ni- 75, Cu- 75, Zn- 75, Zn- 75m, Ga- 75, Ge- 75, Ge- 75m, As- 75, As- 75m, Se- 75, Br- 75; Fe- 76, Co- 76, Co- 76m, Ni- 76, Cu- 76, Cu- 76m, Zn- 76, Ga- 76, Ge- 76, As- 76, Se- 76, Br- 76, Br- 76m, Kr- 76; Co- 77, Ni- 77, Cu- 77, Zn- 77, Zn- 77m, Ga- 77, Ge- 77, Ge- 77m, As- 77, Se- 77, Se- 77m, Br- 77, Br- 77m, Kr- 77; Co- 78, Ni- 78, Cu- 78, Zn- 78, Ga- 78, Ge- 78, As- 78, Se- 78, Br- 78, Kr- 78, Rb- 78, Rb- 78m, Sr- 78; Ni- 79, Cu- 79, Zn- 79, Zn- 79m, Ga- 79, Ge- 79, Ge- 79m, As- 79, Se- 79, Se- 79m, Br- 79, Br- 79m, Kr- 79, Kr- 79m, Rb- 79; Ni- 80, Cu- 80, Zn- 80, Ga- 80, Ga- 80m, Ge- 80, As- 80, Se- 80, Br- 80, Br- 80m, Kr- 80, Rb- 80, Sr- 80; Ni- 81, Cu- 81, Zn- 81, Ga- 81, Ge- 81, Ge- 81m, As- 81, Se- 81, Se- 81m, Br- 81, Kr- 81, Kr- 81m, Rb- 81, Rb- 81m, Sr- 81; Ni- 82, Cu- 82, Zn- 82, Ga- 82, Ge- 82, As- 82, As- 82m, Se- 82, Br- 82, Br- 82m, Kr- 82, Rb- 82, Rb- 82m, Sr- 82; Cu- 83, Zn- 83, Ga- 83, Ge- 83, As- 83, Se- 83, Se- 83m, Br- 83, Kr- 83, Kr- 83m, Rb- 83, Rb- 83m, Sr- 83, Sr- 83m; Cu- 84, Zn- 84, Ga- 84, Ga- 84m, Ge- 84, As- 84, As- 84m, Se- 84, Br- 84, Br- 84m, Kr- 84, Rb- 84, Rb- 84m, Sr- 84, Y - 84, Y - 84m, Zr- 84; Zn- 85, Ga- 85, Ge- 85, As- 85, Se- 85, Br- 85, Kr- 85, Kr- 85m, Rb- 85, Sr- 85, Sr- 85m, Y - 85, Y - 85m; Zn- 86, Ga- 86, Ge- 86, As- 86, Se- 86, Br- 86, Kr- 86, Rb- 86, Rb- 86m, Sr- 86, Y - 86, Y - 86m, Zr- 86; Ga- 87, Ge- 87, As- 87, Se- 87, Br- 87, Kr- 87, Rb- 87, Sr- 87, Sr- 87m, Y - 87, Y - 87m, Zr- 87, Zr- 87m; Ga- 88, Ge- 88, As- 88, Se- 88, Br- 88, Kr- 88, Rb- 88, Sr- 88, Y - 88, Y - 88m, Y - 88n, Zr- 88, Nb- 88, Nb- 88m; Ge- 89, As- 89, Se- 89, Br- 89, Kr- 89, Rb- 89, Sr- 89, Y - 89, Y - 89m, Zr- 89, Zr- 89m, Nb- 89, Nb- 89m; Ge- 90, As- 90, Se- 90, Br- 90, Kr- 90, Rb- 90, Rb- 90m, Sr- 90, Y - 90, Y - 90m, Zr- 90, Zr- 90m, Nb- 90, Nb- 90m, Nb- 90n, Mo- 90; As- 91, Se- 91, Br- 91, Kr- 91, Rb- 91, Sr- 91, Y - 91, Y - 91m, Zr- 91, Nb- 91, Nb- 91m, Mo- 91, Mo- 91m, Tc- 91, Tc- 91m; As- 92, Se- 92, Br- 92, Kr- 92, Rb- 92, Sr- 92, Y - 92, Zr- 92, Nb- 92, Nb- 92m, Mo- 92, Tc- 92, Ru- 92; Se- 93, Br- 93, Kr- 93, Rb- 93, Sr- 93, Y - 93, Y - 93m, Zr- 93, Nb- 93, Nb- 93m, Mo- 93, Mo- 93m, Tc- 93, Tc- 93m; Se- 94, Br- 94, Kr- 94, Rb- 94, Sr- 94, Y - 94, Zr- 94, Nb- 94, Nb- 94m, Mo- 94, Tc- 94, Tc- 94m, Ru- 94; Se- 95, Br- 95, Kr- 95, Rb- 95, Sr- 95, Y - 95, Zr- 95, Nb- 95, Nb- 95m, Mo- 95, Tc- 95, Tc- 95m, Ru- 95; Br- 96, Kr- 96, Rb- 96, Sr- 96, Y - 96, Y - 96m, Zr- 96, Nb- 96, Mo- 96, Tc- 96, Tc- 96m, Ru- 96, Rh- 96, Rh- 96m, Pd- 96; Br- 97, Kr- 97, Rb- 97, Sr- 97, Y - 97, Y - 97m, Y - 97n, Zr- 97, Nb- 97, Nb- 97m, Mo- 97, Tc- 97, Tc- 97m, Ru- 97, Rh- 97, Rh- 97m; Br- 98, Kr- 98, Rb- 98, Rb- 98m, Sr- 98, Y - 98, Y - 98m, Zr- 98, Nb- 98, Nb- 98m, Mo- 98, Tc- 98, Ru- 98, Rh- 98, Rh- 98m, Pd- 98; Kr- 99, Rb- 99, Sr- 99, Y - 99, Zr- 99, Nb- 99, Nb- 99m, Mo- 99, Tc- 99, Tc- 99m, Ru- 99, Rh- 99, Rh- 99m, Pd- 99; Kr-100, Rb-100, Sr-100, Y -100, Y -100m, Zr-100, Nb-100, Nb-100m, Mo-100, Tc-100, Ru-100, Rh-100, Rh-100m, Pd-100; Kr-101, Rb-101, Sr-101, Y -101, Zr-101, Nb-101, Mo-101, Tc-101, Ru-101, Rh-101, Rh-101m, Pd-101; Rb-102, Sr-102, Y -102, Y -102m, Zr-102, Nb-102, Nb-102m, Mo-102, Tc-102, Tc-102m, Ru-102, Rh-102, Rh-102m, Pd-102, Ag-102, Ag-102m,
Cd-102;Rb-103, Sr-103, Y -103, Zr-103, Nb-103, Mo-103, Tc-103, Ru-103, Ru-103m, Rh-103, Rh-103m, Pd-103, Ag-103, Ag-103m; Rb-104, Sr-104, Y -104, Zr-104, Nb-104, Nb-104m, Mo-104, Tc-104, Ru-104, Rh-104, Rh-104m, Pd-104, Ag-104, Ag-104m, Cd-104; Sr-105, Y -105, Zr-105, Nb-105, Mo-105, Tc-105, Ru-105, Rh-105, Rh-105m, Pd-105, Ag-105, Ag-105m, Cd-105; Sr-106, Y -106, Zr-106, Nb-106, Nb-106m, Mo-106, Tc-106, Ru-106, Rh-106, Rh-106m, Pd-106, Ag-106, Ag-106m, Cd-106, In-106, In-106m,
Sn-106;Sr-107, Y -107, Zr-107, Nb-107, Mo-107, Tc-107, Ru-107, Rh-107, Pd-107, Pd-107m, Ag-107, Ag-107m, Cd-107, In-107, In-107m; Y -108, Zr-108, Nb-108, Mo-108, Tc-108, Ru-108, Rh-108, Rh-108m, Pd-108, Ag-108, Ag-108m, Cd-108, In-108, In-108m, Sn-108; Y -109, Zr-109, Nb-109, Mo-109, Tc-109, Ru-109, Rh-109, Pd-109, Pd-109m, Ag-109, Ag-109m, Cd-109, In-109, In-109m, In-109n; Zr-110, Nb-110, Nb-110m, Mo-110, Tc-110, Ru-110, Rh-110, Rh-110m, Pd-110, Ag-110, Ag-110m, Cd-110, In-110, In-110m, Sn-110; Zr-111, Nb-111, Mo-111, Mo-111m, Tc-111, Ru-111, Rh-111, Pd-111, Pd-111m, Ag-111, Ag-111m, Cd-111, Cd-111m, In-111, In-111m, Sn-111; Zr-112, Nb-112, Mo-112, Tc-112, Ru-112, Rh-112, Rh-112m, Pd-112, Ag-112, Cd-112, In-112, In-112m, Sn-112, Sb-112, Te-112; Zr-113, Nb-113, Mo-113, Tc-113, Ru-113, Ru-113m, Rh-113, Pd-113, Pd-113m, Ag-113, Ag-113m, Cd-113, Cd-113m, In-113, In-113m, Sn-113,
Sn-113m, Sb-113;Nb-114, Mo-114, Tc-114, Tc-114m, Ru-114, Rh-114, Rh-114m, Pd-114, Ag-114, Ag-114m, Cd-114, In-114, In-114m, In-114n, Sn-114, Sb-114,
Te-114;Nb-115, Mo-115, Tc-115, Ru-115, Ru-115m, Rh-115, Pd-115, Pd-115m, Ag-115, Ag-115m, Cd-115, Cd-115m, In-115, In-115m, Sn-115, Sb-115,
Te-115, Te-115m;Nb-116, Mo-116, Tc-116, Ru-116, Rh-116, Rh-116m, Pd-116, Ag-116, Ag-116m, Ag-116n, Cd-116, In-116, In-116m, In-116n, Sn-116, Sb-116,
Sb-116m, Te-116;Mo-117, Tc-117, Ru-117, Rh-117, Pd-117, Pd-117m, Ag-117, Ag-117m, Cd-117, Cd-117m, In-117, In-117m, Sn-117, Sn-117m, Sb-117, Te-117,
Te-117m;Mo-118, Tc-118, Ru-118, Rh-118, Rh-118m, Pd-118, Ag-118, Ag-118m, Cd-118, In-118, In-118m, In-118n, Sn-118, Sb-118, Sb-118m, Te-118; Mo-119, Tc-119, Ru-119, Rh-119, Pd-119, Pd-119m, Ag-119, Ag-119m, Cd-119, Cd-119m, In-119, In-119m, Sn-119, Sn-119m, Sb-119, Sb-119m,
Te-119, Te-119m;Tc-120, Ru-120, Rh-120, Pd-120, Ag-120, Ag-120m, Ag-120n, Cd-120, In-120, In-120m, In-120n, Sn-120, Sb-120, Sb-120m, Te-120, I -120, I -120m, Xe-120; Tc-121, Ru-121, Rh-121, Pd-121, Ag-121, Cd-121, Cd-121m, In-121, In-121m, Sn-121, Sn-121m, Sb-121, Te-121, Te-121m, I -121; Tc-122, Ru-122, Rh-122, Pd-122, Ag-122, Ag-122m, Ag-122n, Cd-122, In-122, In-122m, In-122n, Sn-122, Sb-122, Te-122, I -122, Xe-122; Ru-123, Rh-123, Pd-123, Pd-123m, Ag-123, Ag-123m, Cd-123, Cd-123m, In-123, In-123m, Sn-123, Sn-123m, Sb-123, Te-123, Te-123m, I -123,
Xe-123;Ru-124, Rh-124, Pd-124, Ag-124, Ag-124m, Cd-124, In-124, In-124m, Sn-124, Sb-124, Sb-124m, Sb-124n, Te-124, I -124, Xe-124, Cs-124, Cs-124m, Ba-124; Ru-125, Rh-125, Pd-125, Pd-125m, Ag-125, Ag-125m, Cd-125, Cd-125m, In-125, In-125m, Sn-125, Sn-125m, Sb-125, Te-125, Te-125m, I -125,
Xe-125, Xe-125m;Rh-126, Pd-126, Ag-126, Ag-126m, Cd-126, In-126, In-126m, Sn-126, Sb-126, Sb-126m, Sb-126n, Te-126, I -126, Xe-126, Cs-126, Ba-126; Rh-127, Pd-127, Ag-127, Ag-127m, Ag-127n, Cd-127, Cd-127m, In-127, In-127m, In-127n, Sn-127, Sn-127m, Sb-127, Te-127, Te-127m, I -127,
Xe-127, Xe-127m, Cs-127;Rh-128, Pd-128, Ag-128, Cd-128, Cd-128m, In-128, In-128m, In-128n, Sn-128, Sn-128m, Sb-128, Sb-128m, Te-128, I -128, Xe-128, Cs-128, Ba-128; Pd-129, Ag-129, Ag-129m, Cd-129, Cd-129m, Cd-129n, In-129, In-129m, In-129n, Sn-129, Sn-129m, Sb-129, Sb-129m, Te-129, Te-129m, I -129,
Xe-129, Xe-129m, Cs-129, Ba-129,Ba-129m; Pd-130, Ag-130, Cd-130, In-130, In-130m, In-130n, Sn-130, Sn-130m, Sb-130, Sb-130m, Te-130, I -130, I -130m, Xe-130, Cs-130, Cs-130m, Ba-130, Ba-130m, La-130, Ce-130; Pd-131, Ag-131, Cd-131, In-131, In-131m, In-131n, Sn-131, Sn-131m, Sb-131, Te-131, Te-131m, Te-131n, I -131, Xe-131, Xe-131m, Cs-131, Ba-131, Ba-131m, La-131; Ag-132, Cd-132, In-132, Sn-132, Sb-132, Sb-132m, Te-132, I -132, I -132m, Xe-132, Xe-132m, Cs-132, Ba-132, La-132, La-132m, Ce-132, Ce-132m; Ag-133, Cd-133, In-133, In-133m, Sn-133, Sb-133, Te-133, Te-133m, I -133, I -133m, Xe-133, Xe-133m, Cs-133, Ba-133, Ba-133m, La-133, Ce-133, Ce-133m; Cd-134, In-134, Sn-134, Sb-134, Sb-134m, Te-134, I -134, I -134m, Xe-134, Xe-134m, Cs-134, Cs-134m, Ba-134, La-134, Ce-134; Cd-135, In-135, Sn-135, Sb-135, Te-135, I -135, Xe-135, Xe-135m, Cs-135, Cs-135m, Ba-135, Ba-135m, Ba-135n, La-135, Ce-135, Ce-135m; In-136, Sn-136, Sb-136, Te-136, I -136, I -136m, Xe-136, Cs-136, Cs-136m, Ba-136, Ba-136m, La-136, La-136m, Ce-136, Pr-136, Nd-136; In-137, Sn-137, Sb-137, Te-137, I -137, Xe-137, Cs-137, Ba-137, Ba-137m, La-137, Ce-137, Ce-137m, Pr-137; Sn-138, Sb-138, Te-138, I -138, Xe-138, Cs-138, Cs-138m, Ba-138, La-138, Ce-138, Ce-138m, Pr-138, Pr-138m, Nd-138; Sn-139, Sb-139, Te-139, I -139, Xe-139, Cs-139, Ba-139, La-139, Ce-139, Ce-139m, Pr-139, Nd-139, Nd-139m; Sn-140, Sb-140, Te-140, I -140, Xe-140, Cs-140, Ba-140, La-140, Ce-140, Pr-140, Nd-140; Sb-141, Te-141, I -141, Xe-141, Cs-141, Ba-141, La-141, Ce-141, Pr-141, Nd-141, Nd-141m, Pm-141; Sb-142, Te-142, I -142, Xe-142, Cs-142, Ba-142, La-142, Ce-142, Pr-142, Pr-142m, Nd-142, Pm-142, Pm-142m, Sm-142; Te-143, I -143, Xe-143, Cs-143, Ba-143, La-143, Ce-143, Pr-143, Nd-143, Pm-143, Sm-143, Sm-143m, Sm-143n; Te-144, I -144, Xe-144, Cs-144, Cs-144m, Ba-144, La-144, Ce-144, Pr-144, Pr-144m, Nd-144, Pm-144, Sm-144, Eu-144, Gd-144; Te-145, I -145, Xe-145, Cs-145, Ba-145, La-145, Ce-145, Pr-145, Nd-145, Pm-145, Sm-145, Eu-145; I -146, Xe-146, Cs-146, Ba-146, La-146, La-146m, Ce-146, Pr-146, Nd-146, Pm-146, Sm-146, Eu-146, Gd-146; I -147, Xe-147, Cs-147, Ba-147, La-147, Ce-147, Pr-147, Nd-147, Pm-147, Sm-147, Eu-147, Gd-147, Tb-147, Tb-147m; Xe-148, Cs-148, Ba-148, La-148, Ce-148, Pr-148, Pr-148m, Nd-148, Pm-148, Pm-148m, Sm-148, Eu-148, Gd-148, Tb-148, Tb-148m, Dy-148; Xe-149, Cs-149, Ba-149, La-149, Ce-149, Pr-149, Nd-149, Pm-149, Sm-149, Eu-149, Gd-149, Tb-149, Tb-149m; Xe-150, Cs-150, Ba-150, La-150, Ce-150, Pr-150, Nd-150, Pm-150, Sm-150, Eu-150, Eu-150m, Gd-150, Tb-150, Tb-150m, Dy-150; Cs-151, Ba-151, La-151, Ce-151, Pr-151, Nd-151, Pm-151, Sm-151, Eu-151, Gd-151, Tb-151, Tb-151m; Cs-152, Ba-152, La-152, Ce-152, Pr-152, Nd-152, Pm-152, Pm-152m, Pm-152n, Sm-152, Eu-152, Eu-152m, Gd-152, Tb-152, Tb-152m, Dy-152; Ba-153, La-153, Ce-153, Pr-153, Nd-153, Pm-153, Sm-153, Sm-153m, Eu-153, Gd-153, Tb-153, Dy-153; Ba-154, La-154, Ce-154, Pr-154, Nd-154, Pm-154, Pm-154m, Sm-154, Eu-154, Eu-154m, Gd-154, Tb-154, Tb-154m, Tb-154n, Dy-154, Ho-154,
Ho-154m, Er-154;La-155, Ce-155, Pr-155, Nd-155, Pm-155, Sm-155, Eu-155, Gd-155, Gd-155m, Tb-155, Dy-155, Ho-155; La-156, Ce-156, Pr-156, Nd-156, Pm-156, Pm-156m, Sm-156, Eu-156, Gd-156, Tb-156, Tb-156m, Tb-156n, Dy-156, Ho-156, Ho-156m, Ho-156n,
Er-156;La-157, Ce-157, Pr-157, Nd-157, Pm-157, Sm-157, Eu-157, Gd-157, Tb-157, Dy-157, Dy-157m, Ho-157; Ce-158, Pr-158, Nd-158, Pm-158, Sm-158, Eu-158, Gd-158, Tb-158, Tb-158m, Dy-158, Ho-158, Ho-158m, Er-158; Ce-159, Pr-159, Nd-159, Pm-159, Sm-159, Eu-159, Gd-159, Tb-159, Dy-159, Ho-159, Ho-159m, Er-159; Pr-160, Nd-160, Pm-160, Pm-160m, Sm-160, Eu-160, Eu-160m, Gd-160, Tb-160, Dy-160, Ho-160, Ho-160m, Ho-160n, Er-160, Tm-160, Tm-160m; Pr-161, Nd-161, Pm-161, Sm-161, Eu-161, Gd-161, Tb-161, Dy-161, Ho-161, Ho-161m, Er-161, Tm-161, Tm-161m; Nd-162, Pm-162, Sm-162, Eu-162, Eu-162m, Gd-162, Tb-162, Tb-162m, Dy-162, Ho-162, Ho-162m, Er-162, Tm-162, Tm-162m, Yb-162; Nd-163, Pm-163, Sm-163, Eu-163, Gd-163, Gd-163m, Tb-163, Dy-163, Ho-163, Ho-163m, Er-163, Tm-163; Pm-164, Sm-164, Eu-164, Gd-164, Tb-164, Tb-164m, Dy-164, Ho-164, Ho-164m, Er-164, Tm-164, Tm-164m, Yb-164; Pm-165, Sm-165, Eu-165, Gd-165, Tb-165, Dy-165, Dy-165m, Ho-165, Er-165, Tm-165, Yb-165; Sm-166, Eu-166, Gd-166, Tb-166, Dy-166, Ho-166, Ho-166m, Er-166, Tm-166, Yb-166; Sm-167, Eu-167, Gd-167, Tb-167, Dy-167, Ho-167, Er-167, Er-167m, Tm-167, Yb-167, Lu-167, Lu-167m; Sm-168, Eu-168, Gd-168, Tb-168, Dy-168, Ho-168, Ho-168m, Er-168, Tm-168, Yb-168, Lu-168, Lu-168m, Hf-168; Eu-169, Gd-169, Tb-169, Dy-169, Ho-169, Er-169, Tm-169, Yb-169, Yb-169m, Lu-169, Lu-169m, Hf-169; Eu-170, Gd-170, Tb-170, Dy-170, Ho-170, Ho-170m, Er-170, Tm-170, Yb-170, Lu-170, Lu-170m, Hf-170, Ta-170; Gd-171, Tb-171, Dy-171, Ho-171, Er-171, Tm-171, Yb-171, Yb-171m, Lu-171, Lu-171m, Hf-171, Hf-171m, Ta-171; Gd-172, Tb-172, Dy-172, Dy-172m, Ho-172, Er-172, Tm-172, Yb-172, Lu-172, Lu-172m, Hf-172, Ta-172, W -172。
Design of the Decay Chains for Fission Product
doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.39.2022020
- Received Date: 2022-02-25
- Rev Recd Date: 2022-03-31
- Publish Date: 2022-09-20
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Key words:
- fission product /
- decay data /
- decay chain
Abstract: The evaluation of the half-life and emission rates of delayed neutrons is updated according to the reference library of nuclear science. For uncertain ground states in the fission products, spin designation is carried out using a combination of systematic and theoretical studies and improved data are obtained through corrections. For radionuclides with daughter nuclei in isomeric states, the branching fractions of ground and isomeric states are recalculated with the decay scheme and internal conversion coefficient. Then following a critical review of data in Nuclear Structure and Decay Data File, a special decay database for the design of fission product decay chain is developed. According to the decay law, the complete decay path and information of fission products are established. This work provides a convenient reference for fission product analysis and fission yield research.
Citation: | Xiaolong HUANG, Puyi HE, Dong YANG, Xianghan WANG, Yongli JIN, Jian LI. Design of the Decay Chains for Fission Product[J]. Nuclear Physics Review, 2022, 39(3): 405-412. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.39.2022020 |