Constraining the Symmetry Energy Using Elliptic Flow and Yield Ratios of Light Particles
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Graphical Abstract
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Abstract
Based on the newly updated version of the Ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model, the transverse-momentum dependent elliptic flow ratio of free neutrons vs hydrogen isotopes and the yield ratio of 3H vs 3He clusters emitted from 197Au+197Au collisions at the incident energy 400 MeV/nucleon are studied. It is found that the elliptic flow ratio vn 2 /vH 2 is sensitive to the symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities, while the yield ratio 3H/3He is sensitive to the nuclear symmetry energy at sub-saturation densities. By comparing the data from FOPI/LAND and FOPI Collaborations with model calculations using various Skyrme interactions (all exhibiting similar values of isoscalar incompressibility but very different density dependences of the symmetry energy), we find that results using Skyrme interactions which parameterize a moderately soft to linear symmetry energy can reproduce both data quite well.
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