## 2016年  第33卷  第1期

2016, 33(1): 1-7. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.001

The isovector term of the real part of the nucleon optical potential is obtained by analysing differential cross section data of (p,n) charge exchange reaction. The magnitude of the differential cross section of (p,n) experiment is proportional to the square of the isovector term of the real part of the nucleon optical potential v1, so the extraction of the value of v1 is straightforward by using the plane wave Born approximation. Based on the Hugenholtz-Van Hove theorem, the nuclear symmetry energy Esym(ρ0) and its density slope L(ρ0) are estimated by using the extracted value of v1. The calculated results Esym(ρ0)=(28.5±2.0) MeV, L(ρ0)=(67.0±5.0) MeV agree reasonably with those extracted by analysing nuclear masses and other experimental data.
2016, 33(1): 8-12. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.008

The reaction system of 4He + 208Pb has been simulated by Isospin-dependent Quantum Molecu-lar Dynamics (IQMD) mode and it was found that the neutron-to-proton yield ratio (Rnp) has a good linearrelationship with the neutron skin thickness of 208Pb. Therefore Rnp could be taken as a probe of neutron skin thickness of 208Pb. Using two sets of parameters for the nuclear equation of state (EOS) in IQMD model, it shows that Rnp is sensitive to nuclear equation of state. The calculation results of Rnp with the soft EOS is lower than the hard EOS. No matter which kind of EOS parameter has been chosen, however, Rnp holds a good linear correlation with the neutron skin thickness.
2016, 33(1): 13-18. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.013

Multiplicity fluctuation of the target recoil protons emitted in $290$\,A MeV $^{12}$C-AgBr, $400$\,A MeV $^{12}$C-AgBr, $400$\,A MeV $^{20}$Ne-AgBr and $500$\,A MeV $^{56}$Fe-AgBr interactions are studied using the scaled factorial moment (SFM) method in two-dimensional normal phase space and cumulative variable space, respectively. It is found that in normal phase space the SFM ($\ln$) increases linearly with the increase of the divided number of phase space ($\ln{M}$) for lower q-values and increases linearly and then becomes saturation or decrease with the increase of $\ln{M}$ for higher q-values, and in cumulative variable space $\ln$ decreases linearly with the increase of $\ln{M}$, which indicates that no evidence of non-statistical multiplicity fluctuation is observed in our data sets.
2016, 33(1): 19-24. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.019

The hot and dense matter created in heavy ion collisions is supposed to have spatiotemporal evolution according to unified hydro model, and finally freeze out into the charged particles via a space-like hypersurface with a proper time Tau_FO . The unified hydro model is a model which integrates Landau and Hwa-Bjorken two famous hydro models together. It is one of few hydro models which can solved exactly. Shown from the investigations in this paper, the pseudorapidity distribution of charged particles in heavy ion collisions at low BNL-RHIC energy region can be well described by unified hydro model. This is different from that at high nergy region, where, apart from fluid, the contribution from leading particles should be taken into account.
2016, 33(1): 25-29. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.025

We investigate inclusive dileptons and photons production in relativistic heavy ion collisions based on the idea of gluon saturation in the color glass condensate (CGC) framework. In the gluon saturation region, the dominant mechanism for low-pT dileptons and photons production in the perturbative approach (the kT-factorization approach) is gluon-gluon interaction. At Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies, the value of saturation momentum becomes larger than the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) confinement scale ΛQCD for relativistic heavy ion collisions, which implies that αs≪1. In this state, the gluon density for proton and nucleus with transverse momentum less than the saturation momentum Qs will reach a high value, and the invariant cross-section for dileptons and direct photons is further enhanced by saturation effects. The numerical results indicate that the production of low-pT dileptons and photons from the color glass condensate becomes prominent in pp, pA, and AA collisions at RHIC and LHC  Energies.
2016, 33(1): 30-35. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.030

We systematically study the radiative transitions of bottom-strange mesons in the framework of the relativistic constituent quark model. The partial widths of the E1 and M1 decays are predicted. The results predict that most of E1 decay widths are several keV and most of M1 decay widths are less than 1 keV,which give a roadmap of searching for the higher bottom-strange mesons via radiative decays. The experimental searches by the forthcoming Belle II can in turn provide further tests to our result in the present work.

2016, 33(1): 36-40. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.036

For high-intensity low-energy ion beams, space charge effect is a main cause of beam divergence  and emittance growth. Fortunately, residual gas molecules in the drift space tend to be ionized and neutralize the beam space charge spontaneously. The level of Space Charge Neutralization (SCN)
is measured through the detection of created secondary ion energy distribution in the beam region. A so-called non-interceptive Three-grid Energy Analyzer (TEA) has been designed and manufactured at Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP). This paper will present the details
of the TEA detector and the application to diagnose proton beam SCN level in the Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) line. As a preliminary result, for an 18.5 mA proton beam a best compensating point appears at the vacuum pressure of 1.510*3 Pa. And the neutralization level is advanced with the
growth of beam current in a constant vacuum pressure.
2016, 33(1): 41-44. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.041

SFC（扇聚焦回旋加速器）是兰州重离子加速器HIRFL重要组成部分，其束流引出效率直接关系到整个加速器的运行效率。原SFC引出静电偏转板运动控制系统由于其设备陈旧，控制方式及控制精度都已不能满足调束的需求，加之位置检测功能的缺失，给调束带来极大不方便。基于此状态，本项目在有限的检修时间内，分两期实现了偏转板的位置检测和运动控制功能。在设计过程中，使用实际位置拟合测量数据的方法，提高了位置检测的精度，特别是用了特定的软件补偿算法消除机械传动回程差，大大提高了电机控制精度，目前整体控制精度在0.2mm左右。用户界面能够显示每个电机的相对位置、模拟动画、限位开关状态指示等信息。界面简洁直观，操作方便。系统自2014年夏季运行以来，稳定可靠，提高了供束效率，减少了故障时间，得到调束人员一致好评。

SFC (Sector Focusing Cyclotron) is an important part of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou.The beam extraction efficiency of SFC is directly related to the efficiency of the whole accelerator. Because of the old equipment and control mode, as well as the low control accuracy of the SFC electrostatic deflection plate motor control, the motion control system was not able to meet the demand of beam tuning staff. In addition, there were no position detection function for this deflection plate; the beam tuning staff cannot get the current position of the deflection plate when they move these motors. Based on this situation, we designed and realized SFC motor control and position detection system in the summer maintain period in 2014 and 2015. In the design, we used the actual position to fit the measured voltage signal to improve the accuracy of position detection. Meanwhile, a specific compensation algorithm was designed to eliminate the mechanical transmission return difference, which greatly improved the motor control accuracy. At present, the overall control accuracy is about 0.2 mm. The user interface has numbers to shows the relative position of each motor and related animation, indicator led to show the status of each limit switches, easy operate buttons to control the motor moving. The system has been running stably and reliably since 2014. It has improved the efficiency of the beam tuning and reduced the fault time, so it is well praised by the beam tuning staff.
2016, 33(1): 45-51. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.045

Tritium analysis has an extensive application in the study of fusion reactor and nuclear technology. β-decay induced X-ray spectroscopy (BIXS) is a nondestructive tritium analysis technique, and it can detect deeper tritium distributions (~0.1 mm and ~1 mm for high-Z materials and low-Z materials, respectively). In the BIXS method, a metal film as β-ray stopping layer has advantages of eliminating the interference of polarizational bremsstrahlung and reducing the detector’s signal pile-up. In order to study the effect of several β-ray stopping layers on the BIXS method, in this paper, we use the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE to simulate the BIXS experiments using Al, Au metal films and Ar gas as the β-ray stopping layers, and then use the regularization method to calculate and compare the results. In this paper, we also discuss the effects of accuracy of X-ray yield and bremsstrahlung spectrum incline on the BIXS method. The study in this paper indicates that the Al film is the best β-ray stopping layer in the BIXS method.
2016, 33(1): 52-56. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.052

The article reviews importance and wide applications of HPGe detector, especially the application on the dark matter search experiment and double beta decay experiment. The research progress on the Highpurity germanium single crystal and HPGe detector in China has been introduced. The cooperation partner developed new type zone-refining furnace and single crystal furnace. The ultra-purity germanium single crystal with 20~50 cm, purity up to 12N(net impurity concentration is less than 41011 atoms/cm3), and dislocation less than 5 000 /cm3 was prepared. The key technologies for preparing planar and coaxial HPGe detector were mastered. The coaxial detector, which has been made of imported ultra-purity germanium single crystal has excellent energy resolution and efficiency as the imported commercial detector. The planar detector using selfmade germanium single crystal was also successfully manufactured. The research group appeals for speeding up the pace of independent innovation on the high-purity germanium, and achieving the high-purity germanium localization as soon as possible.
2016, 33(1): 57-60. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.057

The method of pulse ultraviolet fluorescence was employed to analyze the concentration of radioactive nuclide uranium after adsorbed by baker’s yeast. Influences of fluorescent enhance reagent, pH value, and temperature on measurement of the concentration of trace uranium were investigated. The results showed that 400 μL fluorescent enhance reagent was greatly enough to buffer the solution when pH > 3 and the counts of fluorescence kept constant with the variation of pH, which indicates that the pH of solutions doesn’t affect the determination of uranium concentration, moreover, the counts of fluorescence declined linearly as the increase of the temperature. In addition, the working curve of the determination of uranium concentration within 0.1 20 μg/L was obtained when the temperature was 23.6 ℃. On this basis, the adsorption of uranium by baker’s yeast was studied. For the adsorption of radioactive nuclides of uranium by baker’s yeast to achieve the best use, the batch experiments were carried out on the rate of adsorption and pH of solutions. The method of pulse ultraviolet fluorescence was used to measure and found that the minimum time required to reach adsorption equilibrium was 180 min and the optimum pH value of solutions was about 5.8.
2016, 33(1): 61-66. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.061

A image acquisition and synchronization control system based on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and bluetooth is studied in this paper. FPGA as the main controller is responsible for USB (Universal Serial BUS) interface, command analyze, delay control, and trigger signal generation. Trigger signal can be RS485 or TTL. RS485 signals can be used for long-distance transmission without distortion while TTL is suitable for near field. The system's delay accuracy is reached to 10ns. It can be obtain images from GigE Ethernet port. Meanwhile，a PC graphical control software is developed by LabView. And based on the Bluetooth BLE4.0 protocol, a Android mobile phone APP is developed for wireless control.
2016, 33(1): 67-71. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.067

The spatial distribution of neutron field for the High Voltage Multiple Accelerator (HVMA) is not only determined by the angular distribution of the reaction itself, but also affected by scattering and absorption of the target unit. Meanwhile, undesired nuclear reactions of the incoming ions with the target and self-target build-up may contribute to this neutron background, which disturbs the primary neutron field. The spatial distribution of actual neutron field generated by T(d, n)4He on HVMA was measured using the flight-time method. The neutron emission energy spectra were measured at 8 different angles from 0° to 95°. The results were monitored by the accompanying-particle method. TARGET and MCNP (Monte Carlo simulation process) programs were used to simulate the experiment. The results of simulated calculation were compared with the experimental data. The analyzed results will give some qualitative and quantitative conclusions for target unit optimizing and provide some foundational works for physical measurement in HVMA.
2016, 33(1): 72-76. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.072

The Chinese Accelerator Driven Subcritical System (C-ADS) injector II consists of super-conduction accelerating section which is half wave resonator (HWR), the designed beam intensity is 10 mA. To avoid the damage to the resonator due to proton beam loss, special Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) system is essential. BLM system could provide alarm signal when high energy deposition occurs which may cause the resonator quenching. Radiation field of 10 MeV proton lost at different point of the HWR are simulated with MCNPX, BLM could be set at proper positions based on the simulation. Considering the structure of HWR and the BLM detector selecting influence factor, radiation energy deposition in the diamond detector are simulated with MCNPX when the proton incidence angle change from 1°  5°, Possible beam loss point can be deduced from the relationship of energy deposition in detectors at different locations. The results indicate that energy spectra of secondary particles are independent with incidence angle; the number of secondary particles may be influenced slightly.
2016, 33(1): 77-81. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.077

To improve the moderating efficiency of D-T Neutron Generator in PGNAA system, and get higher thermal neutron yield, the Monte Carlo code MCNP was used to optimize the moderation setup. The lead was selected as neutron reflector and gamma absorber, 5 polyethylene layers and 4 lead layers constituted the neutron moderator and 3% boron-doping polyethylene was selected as neutron absorber. For the yield of 3107 n/s D-T Neutron Generator, this moderation setup can provide a yield of lower than 5 eV of 5.28106 n/s, accounting for 30.8% of total neutron yield, dramatically improves the moderating efficiency. It is proved that the simulation results can satisfy the requirement of PGNAA system by preliminary experimental verification.
2016, 33(1): 82-87. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.082

A special designed pulsed discharge nozzle (PDN) ion source and a plasma diagnostics system based on the atomic emission spectroscopy were constructed. The time-resolved emission spectra of Argon atoms and ions in the region of 300-800 nm were observed and analyzed. The plasma temperatures, including atomic and ionic temperatures, were simulated by Boltzmann plot method, and the free electron density was simulated through the Stark broadening of Hα line. The evolution of these plasma parameters were investigated by high-resolution time-resolved emission spectra. The results show that the total energy struck on the pulsed gas beam is the most important factor which determines the plasma properties and its evolution. The plasma in PDN is concluded into non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) during the evaluation because of the low electron density and the big difference between the temperatures of Argon atoms and ions in all discharge conditions.
2016, 33(1): 88-93. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.088

As one kind of charged energetic particles, high-energy electron-beam (e-beam) can kill bacteria effectively; and because of its advantages of low-cost and high-efficiency, e-beam has been widely applied in food sterilization and storage industry as well as biomedical areas. However, currently we still lack the in-depth understanding of the mechanism of the interactions between high-energy particles and biological systems. To this end, we thus initiated the study of e-beam induced damage of horseradish peroxidase (HRP: horseradish peroxidase). Our results revealed that the e-beam induced damage of HRP was mainly through the hydroxyl radical attack on the polypeptide chains, and at the same time, the heme active site of HRP was also injured by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the electron-beam. This hydroxyl radical damage mechanism is different from the hydrogen peroxide damage mechanism that plays the dominant role in non-thermal plasma treatment as we reported previously. Moreover, by using the ROS and free radical scavengers, we analyzed and identified the major factors that contributed to the HRP damages.

2016, 33(1): 94-104. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.094

Zebrafish embryo is a classic animal model to study developmental and molecular biology. The relatedworks using zebrafish embryo arise from less than 100 papers per year in 90 s to more than 1 000 papers per year at the beginning of 21st century. The research scope and application value of zebrafish embryo in biology studies are gradually extending, along with the exponential increase of related papers. Here, the applications of zebrafish embryo in the field of radiation biology are reviewed, including radiation-induced toxicity, signal transduction in response to radiation-induced DNA damage, and the assessment of radio-protection and radiosensitizers, respectively. The progress in radiation biology employing zebrafish embryo in Institute of Modern Physics has also been reported, includinga novel mitochondrial reactive oxygen species inducer, which can be triggered by exogenous physical signal and exert chemical stimulation. This inducer shows no obvious embryo toxicity to zebrafish under 10 μL/mL. It can induce DNA double strand breaks if activated by certain wavelength of lights. Itisa potential radiosensitizerin theory.
2016, 33(1): 105-111. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.105

To obtain carbon ion beams suitable for the active spot scanning beam delivery system at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL), the Monte Carlo program SHIELD-HIT12A was used to study the influences of beam delivery distance and structure period of mini ridge filter on full width at the half maximum (FWHM) of beam spot and dose flatness at the isocenter of the treatment room. The present simulation study shows that the shorter was the beam delivery distance, the smaller was the FWHM of beam spot, but the worse was the dose flatness. The structure period of mini ridge filter was a key factor to account for the dose flatness at the isocenter. The smaller was the structure period of mini ridge filter, the better was the dose flatness. Based on the simulation results, we conclude that 2 mm structure period for a mini ridge filter statisfies the requirements on the FWHM of beam spot and dose flatness at the isocenter for the active spot scanning beam delivery system at HIRFL when the distance between the vacuum window and the isocenter is set shorter than 125 cm in the nozzle.
2016, 33(1): 112-116. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.33.01.112

To investigate the underpinning mechanism of rainfall-scavenging of the atmospheric short-lived radon daughters, two experiments simulating water vapor condensing procedure and raindrop falling procedure were conducted. The radioactivity of the tested water was measured by low-background   γ spectrometry. The obtained results showed that the γ-ray counts of condensed water was on the same level as the background,which proved that water vapor condensation cannot trap short-lived radon daughters. In contrast, the initial γ-ray count of washout water (35.7 min half-life) was increased by 30.9% after washing the atmosphere with tap water. Similarly, the initial  -ray count of washout water was increased by 19.6% after washing the atmosphere with puri ed water. These counts originated mainly from radon daughters 214Pb and 214Bi. Obviously, both tap water and puri ed water can trap short-lived radon daughters when washing the atmosphere. Furthermore, the half-life and the kinds of radioactive nuclides in the washout water are similar to that in the rainfall water.These experimental results are able to ascertain that short-lived radon daughters in precipitation come mainly from scavenging (washout) and not from water vapor condensation within the cloud. It is in the process of falling that raindrops trapped short-lived radon daughters 214Pb and 214Bi. The obtained results as demonstrated here provide a powerful evidence for understanding the washout mechanism of short-lived radon daughters from the
atmosphere by rainfall.