Abstract: In a high-temperature and high-density quark-gluon plasma (QGP), the thermal partons modify the heavy quark potential. It is widely accepted that the real part of the heavy quark potential should fall within the range of the free energy F and the internal energy U of heavy quarkonium, depending on the temperature. The imaginary part of the interaction potential of heavy quarkonium is derived from the Landau damping effect. In this study, we investigate the evolution of the wave function of heavy quarkonium in the QGP and calculate the nuclear modification factor of heavy quarkonium using the time-dependent Schrödinger equation model and different interaction potentials for heavy quarks. We simultaneously consider both the cold nuclear effects and the hot nuclear effects, and compare the theoretical calculations of the nuclear modification factor of bottomonium with experimental data. Our findings reveal that when the real part of the interaction potential of heavy quarkonium approaches the internal energy U, it can better explain the experimental phenomena. Additionally, we observe the phenomenon of sequential suppression of different bottomonium states, indicating that higher excited states of bottomonium are more easily dissociated due to their smaller binding energies. The Schrödinger equation model is a valuable tool for establishing a direct connection between the finite-temperature heavy quark potential and experimental observables, and for determining the form of the interaction potential.