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Relativistic Kelvin Circulation Theorem for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics

Jianfei WANG Shi PU

王健飞, 浦实. 理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理[J]. 原子核物理评论, 2020, 37(3): 679-683. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19
引用本文: 王健飞, 浦实. 理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理[J]. 原子核物理评论, 2020, 37(3): 679-683. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19
Jianfei WANG, Shi PU. Relativistic Kelvin Circulation Theorem for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics[J]. Nuclear Physics Review, 2020, 37(3): 679-683. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19
Citation: Jianfei WANG, Shi PU. Relativistic Kelvin Circulation Theorem for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics[J]. Nuclear Physics Review, 2020, 37(3): 679-683. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19

理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理

doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19
详细信息
  • 中图分类号: O571.6

Relativistic Kelvin Circulation Theorem for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics

Funds: New Faculty Startup Funding by University of Science and Technology of China
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2019-12-24
  • 修回日期:  2020-05-25
  • 网络出版日期:  2020-09-30
  • 刊出日期:  2020-09-20

Relativistic Kelvin Circulation Theorem for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics

doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19
    基金项目:  New Faculty Startup Funding by University of Science and Technology of China
    作者简介:

    (1996–), male, Tongling, Anhui, Graduate student, working on the particle physics and nuclear physics; E-mail: wjf1996@mail.ustc.edu.cn

    通讯作者: E-mail: shipu@ustc.edu.cn.
  • 中图分类号: O571.6

摘要: 探讨了理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理。相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理是指温度涡旋在圈积分下是一个守恒量。首先简略的回顾了相对论重离子碰撞中的理想磁流体力学相关结果。本文的核心是推导出理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理的表达形式。同时,也将已知的理想磁流体力学的解析解运用到该定理上。这一主要结果也可以运用到相对论重离子碰撞中磁流体力学的研究中。

English Abstract

王健飞, 浦实. 理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理[J]. 原子核物理评论, 2020, 37(3): 679-683. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19
引用本文: 王健飞, 浦实. 理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理[J]. 原子核物理评论, 2020, 37(3): 679-683. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19
Jianfei WANG, Shi PU. Relativistic Kelvin Circulation Theorem for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics[J]. Nuclear Physics Review, 2020, 37(3): 679-683. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19
Citation: Jianfei WANG, Shi PU. Relativistic Kelvin Circulation Theorem for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics[J]. Nuclear Physics Review, 2020, 37(3): 679-683. doi: 10.11804/NuclPhysRev.37.2019CNPC19
    • Ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) has been widely used in astrophysics and plasma physics. Recently, it has also been applied to the relativistic heavy ion collisions. In relativistic heavy ion collisions, two nuclei collides with each other and generate an extreme strong electromagnetic fields. The order of the magnetic fields can be $10^{17}\!\thicksim\!10^{18}$Gauss[1-4].

      Many novel quantum transport effects have been introduced and studied in such strong electromagnetic fields. The most important phenomenon is named the chiral magnetic effect[5-7]. It means that the magnetic fields can induce a charge current. The microscopic theory for chiral magnetic effect is the quantum kinetic theory for the massless fermions, named chiral kinetic theory[8-16]. Besides, there are many other quantum transport phenomena. For example, chiral electric separation effect means that the magnetic fields can also induce the chiral current[17-20]. Very recently, it has been found that chirality production has a deep connection to the famous Schwinger mechanism[21-22]. We have used the world-line formalism to obtain the mass correction to the axial Ward identity[23] and found that the chirality production rate is the Schwinger pair production rate. We have also discussed the other nonlinear effects coupled to the electromagnetic fields[16, 18, 20, 24]. One can find more the references therein.

      On the other hand, there are also several studies on the analytic solutions of MHD. Very recently, we have also obtained several analytic solutions for the ideal MHD. In Ref. [25-26], we have derived the solutions for the ideal MHD with transverse magnetic fields in a Bjorken flow with and without magnetization effects. In Ref. [27-28], we have extended the discussion to the 2+1 dimensional Bjorken flow with transverse expansion. We have also discussed the possible modification on $ v_{2} $ induced by the magnetic fields in Ref. [29]. Later, we have obtained the analytic solution for the anomalous MHD with transverse magnetic fields in the presence of the chiral magnetic effects and chiral anomaly[30].

      In relativistic heavy ion collisions, the called $ T $-vorticity is found to be conserved due to the relativistic Kelvin circulation theorem[31-33]. In Ref. [31-32], authors have proved that in the ideal hydrodynamics without conserved charged particles the the circular integration of $ T $-vorticity is proved to be conserved, which is called relativistic Kelvin circulation theorem. Later, in Ref. [33], we have extended the discussion to the dissipative hydrodynamics.

      In the work, we will extend the discussion on the relativistic Kelvin circulation theorem to the ideal MHD.

      The organization of the paper is as follows. In Section 2 we will briefly review the ideal MHD. In Section 3 we have derived the general expression for the relativistic Kelvin circulation theorem for the ideal MHD. We will conclude and discuss in Section 4 and Section 5.

      Throughout this work, we will use the metric $ g_{\mu\nu} = {\rm{diag}}\{+,-,-,-\} $, thus, the fluid velocity satisfies $ u^{\mu}u_{\mu} = 1 $, and the orthogonal projector to the fluid four-velocity is $ \Delta^{\mu\nu} = g^{\mu\nu}-u^{\mu}u^{\nu} $. We also choose Levi-Civita tensor satisfying $ \epsilon^{0123} = -\epsilon_{0123} = +1 $.

    • In this section, we will review the ideal MHD. For more detials, one can see Ref. [25-28, 30].

      In relativistic hydrodynamics, the electromagnetic strength tensor $ F^{\mu\nu} $ will be decomposed by the fluid velocity $ u^{\mu} $,

      $$ F^{\mu\nu} = E^{\mu}u^{\nu}-E^{\nu}u^{\mu}+\epsilon^{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}u_{\alpha}B_{\beta}, $$ (1)

      which gives,

      $$ E^{\mu} = F^{\mu\nu}u_{\nu},\;\;\;\;B^{\mu} = \frac{1}{2}\epsilon^{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}F_{\alpha\beta}. $$ (2)

      Generally, we can parametrize the velocity as, $ u^{\mu} = \gamma(1,{ {v}}), $ with $ \gamma $ being $ 1/\sqrt{1-|{ {v}}|^{2}} $. We can prove that,

      $$ u\cdot E = u \cdot B = 0. $$ (3)

      In the comoving frame of a fluid cell, i.e. local rest frame, $ u^{\mu} = (1,{\bf{0}}) $, the $ E^\mu $ and $ B^\mu $ will reduce to

      $$ E^\mu = (0,{ {E}}),B^\mu = (0,{ {B}}). $$ (4)

      The ideal MHD includes the energy-momentum and charge conservation equations coupled to the Maxwell's equations.

      The energy-momentum conservation is given by,

      $$ \partial_{\mu}T^{\mu\nu} = 0, $$ (5)

      where $ T^{\mu\nu} $ is the energy-momentum tensor. In an ideal fluid, this tensor can be decomposed as two parts,

      $$ T^{\mu\nu} = T^{\mu\nu}_{\rm {matter}}+T^{\mu\nu}_{\rm EM}. $$ (6)

      The first term is the part for the matter

      $$ T^{\mu\nu}_{\rm {matter}} = (\epsilon+P)u^{\mu}u^{\nu}-(P+\Pi)g^{\mu\nu}+\pi^{\mu\nu}, $$ (7)

      where $ \epsilon,P $ are energy density and pressure. $ \Pi $ and $ \pi^{\mu\nu} $ denote the bulk pressure and shear viscous tensor, respectively. In the first order relativistic hydrodynamics, $ \Pi $ and $ \pi^{\mu\nu} $ can be parameterized as,

      $$ \Pi = \zeta (\partial \cdot u), $$ (8)
      $$ \begin{split} \pi^{\mu\nu} = & 2\eta \Big[\frac{1}{2} \Delta^{\mu\alpha}\Delta^{\nu\beta} + \frac{1}{2} \Delta^{\nu \alpha}\Delta^{\mu \beta} - \\ &\frac{1}{3}\Delta^{\mu \nu}\Delta^{\alpha \beta}\Big]\partial_\alpha u_\beta, \end{split} $$ (9)

      where $ \zeta $ and $ \eta $ stand for the bulk and shear viscosities, respectively. The projector is defined as,

      $$ \Delta^{\mu\nu} = g^{\mu\nu}-u^\mu u^\nu. $$ (10)

      It is easy to prove that

      $$ \begin{split} \Delta^{\mu \nu}u_\nu = &\Delta^{\mu \nu} u_\mu = 0, \\ \Delta^{\mu \alpha} \Delta^{\nu}_{\alpha} = &\Delta^{\mu\nu}, \end{split} $$ (11)

      where we have used that $ u^\mu u_\nu = 1 $.

      Both $ \Pi $ and $ \pi^{\mu\nu} $ are dissipative effects. In an ideal fluid, all the dissipative terms vanish, i.e. $ \Pi = 0 $ and $ \pi^{\mu\nu} = 0 $.

      The second part for the energy-momentum tensor comes from the electromagnetic fields,

      $$ \begin{split} T^{\mu\nu}_{\rm EM} = &-F^{\mu\lambda}F^{\nu}_\lambda+\frac{1}{4}g^{\mu\nu}F^{\rho\sigma}F_{\rho\sigma} \\ =&-E^{\mu}E^{\nu}-B^{\mu}B^{\nu}+(E^{2}+B^{2})u^{\mu}u^{\nu} - \\ & \frac{1}{2}g^{\mu\nu}(E^{2}+B^{2})+u^{\mu}\epsilon^{\nu\lambda\rho\sigma}E_{\lambda}u_{\rho}B_{\sigma}+ \\ & u^{\nu}\epsilon^{\mu\lambda\rho\sigma}E_{\lambda}u_{\rho}B_{\sigma}, \end{split} $$ (12)

      where

      $$ \begin{split} E^2 &\equiv - E^\mu E_\mu, \\ B^{2}&\equiv-B^{\mu}B_{\mu}. \end{split} $$ (13)

      Inserting Eq. (1) into the above equation yields,

      $$ \begin{align} T^{\mu\nu} = & (\epsilon\!+\!p\!+\!E^{2}\!+\!B^{2})u^{\mu}u^{\nu}\!-\! (p\!+\!\frac{1}{2}E^{2}\!+\!\frac{1}{2}B^{2})g^{\mu\nu}-\\ &E^{\mu}E^{\nu}-B^{\mu}B^{\nu}+ u^{\mu}\epsilon^{\nu\lambda\rho\sigma}E_{\lambda}u_{\rho}B_{\sigma}+\\ &u^{\nu}\epsilon^{\mu\lambda\rho\sigma}E_{\lambda}u_{\rho}B_{\sigma}. \end{align} $$ (14)

      The charge conservation equation reads,

      $$ \partial_{\mu}j^{\mu} = 0. $$ (15)

      The charge current $ j^{\mu} $ can be decomposed as,

      $$ j^{\mu} = nu^{\mu}+\sigma E^{\mu}, $$ (16)

      where $ n $ is the electric charge density and $ \sigma $ is the electric conductivity.

      For simplicity, we consider a charge neutral fluid, i.e.

      $$ n = 0. $$ (17)

      In order to simplify the calculations, we will use the ideal MHD limit. The ideal MHD limit means that the electric conductivity is infinite, i.e.

      $$ \sigma\rightarrow\infty. $$ (18)

      To avoid the divergence in $ \sigma E^{\mu} $ term in Eq. (16), the four vector form of $ E^{\mu} $ must vanish,

      $$ E^{\mu} = 0. $$ (19)

      In the ideal limit, i.e. $ E^\mu = 0 $, the energy-momentum tensor in Eq. (14) reduces to,

      $$ T^{\mu\nu} = (\epsilon+P+B^{2})u^{\mu}u^{\nu}-\Big(P+\frac{1}{2}B^{2}\Big)g^{\mu\nu}-B^{\mu}B^{\nu}. $$ (20)

      Now, we will discuss the covariant form of Maxwell's equation,

      $$ \begin{split} \partial_{\mu}(\epsilon^{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}F_{\alpha\beta}) & = 0, \\ \partial_{\mu}F^{\mu\nu} & = j^{\nu}. \end{split} $$ (21)

      In ideal MHD, the covariant equations for magnetic fields are given by

      $$ \partial_{\nu}(B^{\mu}u^{\nu}-B^{\nu}u^{\mu}) = 0. $$ (22)

      In the local rest frame, i.e. $ u^{\mu} = (1,{\bf{0}}) $, the above equation reduces to

      $$ \frac{\rm {d}}{\rm {d t}}{ {B}}+{ {B}}(\nabla\cdot{ {v}})-({ {B}}\cdot\nabla){{ {v}}} = 0. $$ (23)

      Contracting Eq. (22) with $ u_{\mu} $, yields,

      $$ \partial_{\mu}B^{\mu} = -B^{\mu}(u\cdot\partial)u_{\mu}, $$ (24)

      which gives

      $$ \nabla\cdot{ {B}} = 0, $$ (25)

      in the local rest frame. Contracting Eq. (22) with $ B_{\mu} $, yields,

      $$ \frac{1}{2}(u\cdot\partial)B^{2}+B^{2}(\partial\cdot u)+B^{\mu}B^{\nu}\partial_{\nu}u_{\mu} = 0. $$ (26)

      The thermodynamical relations reads,

      $$ \epsilon+p = Ts+\mu n, $$ (27)

      where $ T,\; s,\; \mu,\; n $ are temperature, entropy density, chemical potential and charge number density, respectively. In our case, since we have considered the charge neutral fluid $ n = 0 $, the thermodynamical relation becomes,

      $$ \begin{align} \epsilon+p = Ts. \end{align} $$ (28)

      Its differential form is given by

      $$ \begin{split} {\rm {d}}\epsilon & = T{\rm {d}}s, \\ {\rm {d}} p & = s{\rm {d}}T. \end{split} $$ (29)
    • In the section, we will derive the general expression for the relativistic Kelvin circulation theorem for ideal MHD.

      The projection of Eq. (5) along the velocity $ u^{\nu} $ reads,

      $$ u_{\nu}\partial_{\mu}T^{\mu\nu} = 0. $$ (30)

      Inserting Eq. (20) into above equation yields,

      $$ \begin{split} (u\cdot\partial)\epsilon+&(\epsilon+p)(\partial\cdot u)+ (u\cdot\partial)\frac{1}{2}B^{2}+B^{2}(\partial\cdot u)-\\ &u_{\mu}(B\cdot\partial)B^{\mu} = 0, \end{split} $$ (31)

      where we have used, $ u\cdot B = 0 $. Applying Eq. (26), we eventually obtain,

      $$ \begin{align} (u\cdot\partial)\epsilon+(\epsilon+p)(\partial\cdot u) = & 0. \end{align} $$ (32)

      Using the thermodynamical relations (28, 29), we get,

      $$ \partial_{\mu}(su^{\mu}) = 0. $$ (33)

      We can take a volume integral over Eq. (33) and obtain that

      $$ \frac{{\rm {d}}S}{{\rm {d}}t} = \int\nolimits_V {\rm {d}}^3 x \partial_{\mu}(su^{\mu}) = 0, $$ (34)

      where $ S $ is the total entropy for the whole system. The above equation mean the total entropy is conserved.

      Another equation for the energy-momentum conservation is

      $$ \Delta_{\alpha \nu} \partial_\mu T^{\mu\nu} = 0, $$ (35)

      which gives us,

      $$ \begin{split} (u\cdot\partial)u_{\alpha} = & \frac{1}{(\epsilon+p+B^{2})}\Big[\Delta_{\alpha}^{\nu}\partial_{\nu}\Big(P+\frac{1}{2}B^{2}\Big)+\\ &\Delta_{\mu\alpha}(B\cdot\partial)B^{\mu}+B_{\alpha}(\partial\cdot B)\Big]. \end{split} $$ (36)

      It tells us that the magnetic field may accelerate the fluid velocity. However, in our previous work[25-28, 30], we have found a kind of force-free type configuration for the magnetic fields. In such cases, the fluid velocity will not be acceptilated.

      We can also rewrite the $ T^{\mu\nu} $ as,

      $$ T^{\mu\nu} = (Ts+B^{2})u^{\mu}u^{\nu}-\Big(P+\frac{1}{2}B^{2}\Big)g^{\mu\nu}-B^{\mu}B^{\nu}. $$ (37)

      Eq. (5) reads, with the help of Eq. (28),

      $$ \begin{split} su^{\mu}&\partial_{\mu}(Tu^{\nu})-\partial^{\nu}\Big(P+\frac{1}{2}B^{2}\Big) + \\ &\partial_{\mu}(B^{2}u^{\mu}u^{\nu})-\partial_{\mu}(B^{\mu}B^{\nu}) = 0. \end{split} $$ (38)

      Using the thermodynamic relation (28, 29) again, we get,

      $$ \begin{split} & u^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}(Tu^{\nu})-\partial^{\nu}T \\ & = \frac{1}{s}\left[\partial^{\nu}\Big(\frac{1}{2}B^{2}\Big)-\partial_{\mu}\big(B^{2}u^{\mu}u^{\nu}\big)+ \partial_{\mu}\big(B^{\mu}B^{\nu}\big)\right]. \end{split} $$ (39)

      For convenience, we can introduce an antisymmetric $ T $-vorticity tensor $ \Xi^{\mu\nu} $ by[31-33],

      $$ \Xi^{\mu\nu} = \partial^{\nu}(Tu^{\mu})-\partial^{\mu}(Tu^{\nu}), $$ (40)

      which is like $ F^{\mu\nu} $ in an electromagnetic field. In this case, we can use a compact form to rewrite Eq. (39),

      $$ \begin{align} \Xi^{\mu\nu}u_{\nu} = \frac{1}{s}\left[\partial^{\mu}\Big(\frac{1}{2}B^{2}\Big)-\partial_{\nu}(B^{2}u^{\mu}u^{\nu})+ \partial_{\nu}(B^{2}b^{\mu}b^{\nu})\right]. \end{align} $$ (41)

      Now, we will discuss the integral form of the $ T $-vorticity. By introducing the proper time $ \tau $ with the relation $ {\rm d}/{\rm d}\tau = u^{\mu}\partial_{\mu} $, the above equation can be expressed as a circulation integral along a covariant loop $ L(\tau) $,

      $$ \begin{split} & \frac{\rm {d}}{{\rm {d}}\tau}\oint_{L(\tau)}Tu^{\mu}{\rm {d}}x_{\mu} = \oint_{L(\tau)}\frac{{\rm {d}}}{{\rm {d}}\tau}(Tu^{\mu}){\rm {d}}x_{\mu} \\ = & \oint_{L(\tau)}u^{\nu}\partial_{\nu}(Tu^{\mu}){\rm {d}}x_{\mu} = \oint_{L(\tau)}\Xi^{\mu\nu}u_{\nu}{\rm {d}}x_{\mu} \\ = & \oint_{L(\tau)}\frac{1}{s}\bigg[\partial^{\nu}\Big(\frac{1}{2}B^{2}\Big)-\partial_{\mu}(B^{2}u^{\mu}u^{\nu}) +\\ & \partial_{\mu}(B^{2}b^{\mu}b^{\nu})\bigg]{\rm {d}}x_{\nu} \end{split} $$ (42)

      In the first line, the differential acts on the $ {\rm {d}}x^{\mu} $ is nonzero, i.e. $ \frac{{\rm {d}}}{{\rm {d}}\tau}{\rm {d}}x^{\mu} = {\rm {d}}\left(\frac{{\rm {d}}x^{\mu}}{{\rm {d}}\tau}\right) = {\rm {d}}u^{\mu} = {\rm {d}}x^{\nu}\partial_{\nu}u^{\mu} $, but it vanishes since $ u^{\mu}\partial_{\nu}u_{\mu}{\rm {d}}x^{\nu} = 0 $. In the second line we have used the Stokes theorem,

      $$ \oint_{L(\tau)}\partial^{\mu}T{\rm {d}}x_{\mu} = \oint_{S}\big[\partial^{\mu}\partial^{\nu}T- \partial^{\nu}\partial^{\mu}T\big]{\rm {d}}\sigma_{\mu\nu} = 0. $$ (43)

      Eq. (42) is the relativistic Kelvin circulation theorem for ideal MHD. It means that the magnetic fields may modify the $ T $-vorticity consideration.

    • We will apply the main result in Eq. (42) to the one of the analytic solution found in Refs. [25-26].

      In our work[25-26], we consider the ideal MHD with transverse magnetic fields in a Bjorken flow. The Bjorken flow means that the fluid velocity is given by,

      $$ u^{\mu} = \left(\frac{t}{\tau},0,0,\frac{z}{\tau}\right), $$ (44)

      where $ \tau $ is the proper time defined as,

      $$ \tau = \sqrt{t^{2}-z^{2}}. $$ (45)

      All the thermodynamic quantities, such as energy density, pressure, temperature, entropy density etc., will only depend on the proper time. The magnetic fields decays as,

      $$ B^{\mu} = \left(0,0,B_{0}\frac{\tau_{0}}{\tau},0\right), $$ (46)

      where $ B_{0} $ and $ \tau_{0} $ are the initial magnetic field and initial proper time, respectively.

      Inserting this solution into Eq. (42), we find that the

      $$ \frac{{\rm {d}}}{{\rm {d}}\tau}\oint_{L(\tau)}Tu^{\mu}{\rm {d}}x_{\mu} = 0. $$ (47)

      for this special solutions. In this case, the $ T $-vorticity is still conserved.

    • In this paper, we have derived the general expression for the relativistic Kelvin circulation theorem for ideal MHD. Firstly, we have briefly reviewed the conservation equations and Maxwell's equations in the ideal MHD. We introduce the ideal limit for MHD, i.e. the electric conductivity is infinite. In this limit, the $ E^\mu $ vanishes to ensure the charge current finite. Then, we have rewritten the energy-momentum conservation equation by using the thermodynamic relations. We have also introduce the $ T $-vorticity, $ \Xi^{\mu\nu} $ in Eq. (40). Next, we have derived the relativistic Kelvin circulation theorem for ideal MHD shown in Eq. (42). At last, We have also checked the results for the ideal MHD in a Bjorken flow.

      In the future, we will extend the discussion to the normal MHD and anomalous MHD. We can also consider the magnetization effects in this framework.

      Acknowledgement Dr. PU Shi and Mr. WANG Jianfei from Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China are appreciated for their generous assistance.

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